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Antikoagulan – Manfaat, Dosis, dan Efek Samping

Jangan lupa membaca artikel tentang bisnis di > Informasi bisnis terbaik 2020.

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DokterSehat.Com – Antikoagulan obat apa? Antikoagulan adalah golongan obat yang berfungsi untuk mencegah penggumpalan darah. Obat Antikoagulan disebut juga sebagai obat pengencer darah yang bisa memperlama waktu darah untuk menggumpal.

Bukankah penggumpalan darah itu penting agar tidak terjadi pendarahan terus menerus? Ya, penggumpalan darah memang diperlukan tetapi bila terjadi di bagian yang tidak seharusnya seperti di jantung, otak, dan hati, maka itu malah membahayakan.

Penggumpalan darah di bagian tubuh tersebut berisiko menyebabkan stroke yang berujung pada kematian. Oleh karena itu, yuk simak informasi lebih dalam mengenai macam-macam Antikoagulan termasuk indikasi, kontraindikasi, dosis, dan efek sampingnya.

Penggunaan Antikoagulan

Obat-obatan yang termasuk ke dalam golongan Antikoagulan digunakan dengan tujuan untuk mencegah penggumpalan darah. Penggunaan utama dari Antikoagulan adalah untuk mencegah pembentukan trombus atau dengan memecah trombus yang sudah terbentuk di sisi vena.

Trombus adalah kumpulan dari jaringan fibrin dengan trombosit dan sel darah merah. Antikoagulan ini banyak digunakan untuk atasi trombosis di dalam kaki tetapi tidak kurang ampuh pada pembentukan trombus di dalam arteri.

Bentuk Sediaan Antikoagulan

Ada dua jenis bentuk sediaan antikoagulan, yaitu oral dan parenteral. Dalam bentuk sediaan oral, obat Antikoagulan ada yang tersedia dalam bentuk tablet dan kapsul. Antikoagulan parenteral umumnya tersedia dalam bentuk cairan injeksi tetapi ada juga dalam bentuk cairan intravena.

Macam-Macam Antikoagulan

Macam-macam Antikoagulan dibedakan berdasarkan bentuk sediaannya, yaitu oral dan parenteral. Baik Antikoagulan Oral maupun Antikoagulan Parenteral memiliki beberapa jenis kandungan obat.

Berikut ini adalah informasi penting terkait beberapa jenis kandungan Antikoagulan berdasarkan sediaannya:

1. Antikoagulan Oral

Indikasi utama penggunaan Antikoagulan Oral adalah untuk mengatasi trombosis vena dalam. Antikoagulan Oral juga digunakan untuk terapi embolisme paru, fibrilasi atrium dengan risiko embolisasi, pasca penggantian lutut atau pinggul, dan pasien dengan katup jantung prostetik mekanik.

Beberapa kandungan obat yang masuk dalam kategori Antikoagulan Oral, yaitu Apiksaban, Dabigatran eteksilat, Rivaroksaban, dan Natrium warfarin. Setiap kandungan tersebut memiliki indikasi, kontraindikasi, dosis, dan efek samping tertentu.

1. Apiksaban

  • Indikasi – Pencegahan tromboemboli vena pada pasien dewasa pasca operasi penggantian pinggul atau lutut.
  • Kontraindikasi – Pendarahan aktif, penyakit hati terkait koagulopati, dan memiliki faktor risiko perdarahan lainnya.
  • Dosis – 2,5 mg sebanyak dua kali sehari dan diberikan 12-24 jam setelah operasi selama 10-14 hari (pasca operasi penggantian lutut) atau 32-38 hari (pasca operasi penggantian pinggul).
  • Efek Samping – Anemia, perdarahan, memar, dan mual.
  • Nama Dagang – Eliquis

2. Dabigatran eteksilat

  • Indikasi – Profilaksis primer tromboemboli vena pada pasien dewasa pasca operasi penggantian pinggul dan lutut total, profilaksis embolisme stroke dan sistemik pada pasien dengan fibrilasi atrial, dan terapi trombosis vena dalam akut (DVT).
  • Kontraindikasi – Hipersensitivitas, gangguan fungsi ginjal berat, manifestasi perdarahan, gangguan hemostasis spontan atau farmakologikal, kerusakan organ hati yang parah, dan lainnya
  • Dosis – 1 kapsul (dosis 110 mg/ tablet) dalam sehari yaitu 1-4 jam setelah operasi lalu dilanjutkan pada hari berikutnya 2 x 1 kapsul (110 mg) sekali sehari selama 10 hari. Perbedaan kasus membutuhkan dosis yang berbeda.
  • Efek Samping – Mimisan, reaksi alergi, dispepsia, perdarahan gastrointestinal, anemia, nyeri abdomen, diare, mual, gangguan ungsi hati, perdarahan pada kulit, dan hematuria.
  • Nama Dagang – Campto, Pradaxa

3. Rivaroksaban

  • Indikasi – Menurunkan risiko stroke dan embolisme pada pasien atrial fibrilasi nonvalvular dengan riwayat stroke.
  • Kontraindikasi – Hipersensitivitas, pendarahan, penyakit hati terkait koagulopati, kehamilan, menyusui, dan pemberian bersamaan dengan antijamur azol.
  • Dosis – 15-30 mg sekali sehari tergantung indikasi
  • Efek Samping – Anemia, pusing, sakit kepala, pingsan, hemoragik mata (termasuk hemoragik konjungtiva), takikardi, hipotensi, hematoma, epistaksis, pendarahan gastronintestinal, dan lainnya

4. Natrium warfarin

  • Indikasi – Profilaksis embolisasi pada pasien jantung rematik dan fibrilasi atrium, profilaksis pada pasien pasca pemasangan katup jantung prostetik, dan pasien dengan serangan iskemik serebral yang transien.
  • Kontraindikasi – Kehamilan, tukak peptik, hipertensi berat, dan endokarditis bakterial.
  • Dosis – 10 mg sehari selama 2 sampai 4 hari (dosis awal) dan 2-10 mg sekali sehari (dosis penunjang)
  • Efek Samping – Perdarahan, reaksi alergi, alopesia, diare, mual, muntah, hematokrit turun, nekrosis kulit, purple toes, sakit kuning, disfungsi hati, dan lainnya
  • Nama Dagang – Warfarin, Simarc

2. Antikoagulan Parenteral

Ada empat macam Antikoagulan Parenteral, yaitu Heparin, Heparin berat molekul rendah, Heparinoid, dan Fondaparinuks.

1. Heparin

  • Indikasi – Pengobatan pada trombosis vena dalam dan embolisme paru, angina tidak stabil, profilaksis pada bedah umum, dan infark miokard.
  • Kontraindikasi – Hemofilia, trombositopenia, tukak lambung, perpendarahan serebral yang baru terjadi, hipertensi berat, penyakit hati berat, gagal ginjal,dan hipersensitivitas
  • Dosis – Tergantung indikasi medis
  • Efek Samping – Pendarahan, nekrosis kulit, trombositopenia, hiperkalsemia, reaksi hipersensitivitas, dan osteoporosis.

2. Heparin berat molekul rendah

1. Dalteparin natrium
  • Indikasi – Profilaksis pada pra dan pasca pembedahan
  • Kontraindikasi – Hipersensitif, trombositopenia, tukak gastroduodenum akut, cerebral hemorage, endokarditis subakut, luka dan pembedahan pada SSP, mata dan telinga.
  • Dosis – Tergantung indikasi medis
  • Efek Samping – Pendarahan, nekrosis kulit, trombositopenia, hiperkalsemia, reaksi hipersensitivitas, dan osteoporosis.
2. Enoksaparin
  • Indikasi – Pengobatan trombosis vena yang berhubungan dengan operasi ortopedi atau operasi umum, gagal pernapasan, infeksi parah, dan penyakit rematik.
  • Kontraindikasi – Hemofilia, trombositopenia, tukak lambung, perpendarahan serebral yang baru terjadi, hipertensi arteri sedang sampai berat, dan hipersensitif.
  • Dosis – 20-40 mg per hari tergantung indikasi medis
  • Efek Samping – Pendarahan, nekrosis kulit, trombositopenia, hiperkalsemia, reaksi hipersensitivitas, dan osteoporosis.
  • Nama Dagang – Lovenox
3. Nadroparin kalsium
  • Indikasi – Profilaksis pencegahan tromboemboli vena pada pembedahan pasien dengan risiko sedang atau tinggi
  • Kontraindikasi – Hipersensitif, riwayat trombopenia berat, lesi organ yang mengarah ke perdarahan.
  • Dosis – Tergantung indikasi medis
  • Efek Samping – Perdarahan, trombositopenia, hiperkalemia, reaksi hipersensitif
  • Nama Dagang – Fraxiparine, Fraxiparine Forte
4. Parnaparin
  • Indikasi – Profilaksis trombosis vena dalam dan terapi gangguan vena akibat kondisi trombotik.
  • Kontraindikasi – Kehamilan, menyusui, riwayat trombositopenia, pendarahan, nefropati berat, pankreatopati, hipertensi arteri berat, hipersensitivitas
  • Dosis – Tergantung kondisi pasien
  • Efek Samping – Perdarahan, reaksi alergi, trombositopenia, dan nekrosis di area lokasi penyuntikan.
  • Nama Dagang – Fluxum

3. Heparinoid

Kandungan yang tergolong Heparinoid adalah Danaparoid. Danaparoid digunakan pada pasien yang mengalami bedah umum atau bedah ortopedik dengan tujuan untuk profilaksis trombosis vena dalam.

4. Fondaparinuks

Fondaparinuks adalah pentasakarida sintetis yang menghambat faktor X teraktivasi. Kandungan yang termasuk Fondaparinuks adalah Natrium fondaparinuks. Natrium fondaparinuks digunakan untuk profilaksis pasien dengan tromboemboli vena.

Itulah informasi ringkas macam-macam Antikoagulan. Anda telah melihat bahwa efek samping Antikoagulan adalah efek samping yang cukup berat. Oleh karena itu, jika Anda ingin menggunakan obat Antikoagulan, sebaiknya berkonsultasilah dengan dokter.

 

 

Sumber:

  1. PIONAS-BPOM: Antikoagulan Parenteral. http://pionas.pom.go.id/ioni/bab-2-sistem-kardiovaskuler-0/26-antikoagulan-dan-protamin/262-antikoagulan-parenteral [diakses pada 13 Mei 2019]
  2. PIONAS-BPOM: Antikoagulan Oral. http://pionas.pom.go.id/ioni/bab-2-sistem-kardiovaskuler-0/26-antikoagulan-dan-protamin/261-antikoagulan-oral [diakses pada 13 Mei 2019]


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